A类图表作文各个击破(流程图、柱图、曲线图、表格)
4.5.2 表格
4.5.2.1 解题关键
F 1表格与饼图一样，都是静态图。切入点在描述分配;
F 2表格题考查列举数字的能力和方法。通过举一些有代表性的数据来说明问题;
F 3横向比较。介绍横向各个数据的区别、变化和趋势;
F 4纵向比较。介绍纵向各个数据的区别、变化和趋势;
F 5不需要将每一个数据分别说明，突出强调数据最大值和最小值;
F 6对比时要总结出数据对比最悬殊的和最小的。
4.5.2.2表格举例
Topic 4-4：The table below shows carbon dioxide emissions from transport in three European countries in 1994 and 2004.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.(表格贴不上，大家看附件吧~ ^_^)
范文
The given table provides an overview of carbon dioxide emissions from four main transport sources (namely，road transport，railways，civil aviation and shipping) in the United Kingdom，France and Germany in 1994 and 2004.
Germany，although having higher emissions than either the United Kingdom or France did，saw the amount decrease slightly from 47.2 to 46.7 million tonnes.By comparison，France recorded an increase of four million tonnes from 34.7 million in 1994，while the United Kingdom had a smaller growth，2.5 million tonnes over the same period.(纵向比较三个国家1994到2004年间二氧化碳释放量的整体趋势变化。)
In all the three countries, road transport was responsible for the majority of emissions.(横向对四个二氧化碳释放源进行比较，点明最大释放源)In the United Kingdom，road transport produced emissions up to 32.6 million tonnes in 2004，2 million more than ten years earlier，while other three transport sources did not show any remarkable growth.(接着对三个国家的释放源进行描述说明，说明从1994年到2004年间的变化)A similar pattern was seen in France，where road transport added 3.6 million tonnes to the total emissions within ten years.Germany，by contrast，was the only country of the three to experience a drop in road transport emissions.(比较德国和英国法国的区别)Other three transport sources had a lower emission volume as well，except civil aviation，with the amount rising to 1.2 million.(对其它二氧化碳释放源进行描述，比较10年间的变化)
As shown in the table，both UK and France failed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from transport sources during the period 1994 to 2004，in contrast to the decrease in Germany.Road transport continued to account for the biggest source of emissions.(237 words)
Topic 4-5：Write a report for a university lecturer，describing the information shown below.You should write at least 150 words.(表格贴不上，大家看附件吧~ ^_^)
范文：
The table provides information about the favored tourist destinations in the city of Llorente of different age groups.Each figure for destinations shows the percentage of tourists who visited the destinations on their last holiday.There are four age groups—twenties，thirties， forties，and over 50-year-old group.
(点明表格提供不同年龄段所喜欢的旅游地点的信息。)
The most favored destination for all age groups was shopping centres.The percentage of tourists who visited there was more than 80%, and 95% of tourists of the forties group visited there. The percentages of tourists who vislted art galleries，zoos，and museums increased as the the age of tourists increased. For example，only 21% of people in the twenties visited art galleries，however，81% of the oldest age group visited there.On the other hand，the percentages of tourists who visited nightclubs， discotheques，and cinemas/theatres decreased as the age increased.For example，87%of tourists in twenties visited discotheques，however，only 5% of the oldest age group did so.
(按大家都喜欢的地点—老年人喜欢的地点—年轻人喜欢的地点这个逻辑顺序进行描述;用on the other hand, for example 等连接词来串联句子。)
To sum up，favored destinations were different for each age group，however，almost all tourists visited shopping centers.(176 words)
(总结得出结论。)
4.5.2.3表格常用词汇
noticeable trend 明显趋势
pronounced adj. 明显的
significant changes一些较大变化
rank n. vt. vi. 列为，排列，等级
distribute vt. 分布，区别
unequally adv. 不相等地
average n. vt. vi. adj. 平均
corresponding adj. 相应的，通讯的
represent vt. 阐述，表现
overall adj. 总体上讲
in the case of adv. 在...的情况下
in terms of / in respect of / regarding 在...方面
4.5.2.4表格常用表达
开头概述
1) The table shows (reveals，illustrates，demonstrates，depicts，describes，indicates) _____.
2) According to the table, _____.
3) As (is) shown in the table, _____.
4) As can be seen from the table, _____.
5) Figures/statistics show (that) _____.
6) It can be seen from the figures/statistics that _____.
7) It is clear from the figures/statistics that _____.
8) It is apparent from the figures/statistics that _____.
描述比例
1) _____ accounts for (takes up) 20% of all.
_____占总数的20%。
2) On the top of the list is _____, which accounts for 70%.
比例最高的是_____，占70%。
3) At the bottom of the list is _____，which takes up 20% only.
比例最低的是_____，仅占20%。
4) A ranks first，followed by B at 20% and C at 15%.
A占比例最大，其次是B占20%及C占15%。
5) The figure reached the highest/lowest point in _____.
数据在_____时候达到最高点(最低点)。
描述对比
1) A has almost (nearly/about) over a quarter (half/twice/one third) as many students as (as much money as) B.
A的学生数/钱(差不多)是B的四分之一/一半/两倍/三分之一/一样。
2) A has about (approximately/exactly/precisely) the same number (proportion/amount) of students (money) as B.
A和B的学生/钱/数量/比例差不多/正好一样。
3) A has something in common with B.
A与B有一些共同点。
4) The difference between A and B lies in _____.
A与B的不同之处在于_____。
描述趋势
1) The number increased (/rose) suddenly (dramatically/rapidly/substantially/considerably/sharply) from _____ to _____.
数量从_____激增到_____。
2) During 1990 to 2000，there was a sudden (rapid/dramatic/substantial/sharp/considerable) rise (boom) in the number of private cars from _____ to _____.
1990年到2000年间，私人汽车的数量从_____急剧增长到_____。
3) The ten years from 1990 to 2000 witnessed (/saw) a steady growth of private cars from _____ to _____.
1990年到2000年10年间，私人汽车的数量从_____稳步增长到_____。
4) The number of private cars increased (rose / fell/dropped/declined/decreased) by 20%.
私人汽车数量增长了(或：降低了)20%。
5) The number of private cars in 2000 was 5 times more than that in 1990.
2000年私人汽车数量是1990年的5倍。
6) The number of private cars roughly (/approximately) doubled (tripled) between 1990 and 2000.
1990年到2000年间，私人汽车数量大约是原来的2倍(3倍)。
结尾
1) We can conclude from the table that _____.
2) In short (In brief), _____.
3) In conclusion, _____.
4) To conclude, it seems clear that _____.
5) From the table/diagram, we can see _____.
6) As can be seen from the chart/table/diagram, _____.
7) It is clear (/apparent) from the chart (/graph/table) that _____.
4.5.2.5表格模板
The table shows _____.
(简要介绍表中呈现的信息。)
According to the figures，as people age in Someland, their social lives reduce.Teenagers and people in their twenties _____. People in their 30s，40s，50s and 60s _____.
(general statement，点明从数据中概括得出的一种趋势。)
Group and individual exercise follow a similar pattern.People of all ages spend a good part of their leisure time on entertainment. Teenagers and retired people _____. For everybody else, _____.
(general statement，点明从数据中概括得出的另一种趋势。)
Consequently，it can be concluded that there is a significant trend towards _____.
4.5.3 曲线图
4.5.3.1 解题关键
F 1曲线图和柱状图都是动态图，解题的切入点在于描述趋势。
F 2在第二段的开头部分对整个曲线进行一个阶段式的总分类，使写作层次清晰，同时也方便考官阅卷。接下来再分类描述每个阶段的specific trend，同时导入数据作为分类的依据。
F 3趋势说明。即，对曲线的连续变化进行说明，如上升、下降、波动、持平。以时间为比较基础的应抓住“变化”：上升、下降、或是波动。题中对两个或两个以上的变量进行描述时应在此基础上进行比较，如变量多于两个应进行分类或有侧重的比较。
F 4极点说明。即对图表中最高的、最低的点单独进行说明。不以时间为比较基础的应注意对极点的描述。
F 5交点说明。即对图表当中多根曲线的交点进行对比说明。
F 6不要不做任何说明就机械地导入数据，这不符合雅思的考试目的。
4.5.3.2曲线图举例
Topic 4-6：The graph shows the rate of smoking of man and women in Scotland from 1960 to 2000.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. You should write at least 150 words.(图贴不上， 大家下载附件吧~ )
范文
The line chart compares the rate of smoking of men and women in Scotland from 1960 to 2000. It can be clearly seen that the rate of smoking for both men and women was declining and that fewer women smoked during the period.
(点明图表主要趋势，用compare这个词揭示下面的文章结构。)
In 1960, 600 men in every l,000 smoked. This number decreased gradually to 500 by 1974 and continued to decrease steeply to 250 by 2000.In contrast, the smoking rate for women was very low, only 80 in every 1,000 in 1960.By 1968 this increased to 170 and rose again more steeply to 320 in 1977.The rate of female smokers then remained stable at 320 until in 1984，at which point the figures began to decline and dropped to 200 by 2000.
(按时间先后顺序描述男性吸烟者的发展趋势，用in contrast连接女性吸烟者，承上启下，并形成对比。)
In conclusion，we can see that the rate of smoking of men dropped throughout the whole period but was always higher than that of women.The rate of female smokers increased until 1977，but then decreased for the rest of the period. (176 words)
(结尾段中换一种方式描述结论，与开头段相互呼应。)
Topic 4-7：The line chart bellow shows serious violent crime levels from 1978 to 2000 in the US.Serious violent crimes include rape，robbery，aggravated assault and homicide. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant..(图贴不上， 大家下载附件吧~ )
范文
The multiple-line graph demonstrates trends in violent crime levels in the US during the period 1978 to 2000.
In the first ten years，there were fluctuations in the total crime level，but the overall trend was upbeat.By about 1989，it rose to a record high，around 4.5 offences per thousand Americans，half the figure in 1980 (slightly over 3 offences)，the lowest ever recorded during the given period.Victimisations rose and fell at a lower level between 2 and 2.5 offences over the same period，while crimes recorded by police showed a steady increase，reaching its highest in the year 1994，over 1.5 offences in a thousand.The arrest rate was the lowest，levelling off below 0.5 offences per 1,000.
From 1988 onwards，the total violent crime level declined gradually，so did victimisations reported to police.In 2000，3 out of a thousand Americans committed violent crime，while half as many victims were reported to the police.As to crimes recorded by police and arrests for violent crime，both dropped slightly in the last five years and the figures were 1.5 and 0.5 offences respectively in 2000.
Overall，the violent crime rate，as well as victimisations reported to police，crimes recorded and arrests for violent crime，was not subject to strong fluctuations in the final two decades of the last century，although by the end of the century，there was a trend toward lower violent crime levels. (240 words)
4.5.3.3曲线图常用词汇
动词—九大运动趋势
一：表示向上：increase，rise，improve，grow，ascend，mount，aggrandize，go up，climb， take off， jump，shoot up暴涨，soar，rocket， skyrocket
举例：人口上升：the number of population increased/ascended/mounted等等。
二：表示上升后保持平稳：flatten out(下降或升高后变平)， level off
举例：人口上升后保持平稳：the number of population mounted and leveled off.
三：表示复苏(下降后再上升)：recover，bounce back
举例：人口下降后复苏：the number of population decreased and recovered.
四：表示下降：decrease，decline，descend，drop， fall，go down，come down，collapse， crash， fall off， slump， plummet， plunge， slide，shrink, dwindle, diminish
举例：人口减少：the number of population decreased/ declined.
五：表示下降后保持平稳：bottom out，flatten out(下降或升高后变平)
举例：人口下降后保持平稳：the number of population decreased and bottomed out.
六：表示稳定或水平：remain steady/constant，stay stable, stabilize， stagnate，flatten out(下降或升高后变平)， level off， stay at the same level， be similar to， there is little/hardly any/no change
举例：表示人口数量保持平稳的时候可以写: the number of population stayed stable. /the number of population remained steady.
七：表示波动：fluctuate
举例：人口波动：the number of population fluctuated.
八：表示在底部：reach a low point，bottom out，reach the bottom，reach the rock，hit a trough
九：表示在顶部：reach a peak，peak，top out，reach the highest point/ the top/ the summit/ the most，peak in/at，reach the zenith
举例：人口到达了顶峰：the number of population peaked/ reached its summit/ reached its zenith.
形容词和副词—变化程度
abrupt(ly)(突然)，sudden(ly)(突然)，dramatic(ally)(急剧)，drastic(ally)(急剧)，sharp(ly)(急剧)，quick(ly)(迅速)，rapid(ly)(迅速)，marked(ly)(显着)，significant(ly)(显着)，considerable(considerably)(相当)，substantial(ly)(相当) moderate(ly)(适当)，gradual(ly)(逐渐)，slight(ly)(轻微)，slow(ly)(缓慢)，steady(steadily)(平缓)
名词
line chart线图，curve diagram曲线图，horizontal axis横轴，vertical axis纵轴，plateau(上升后的稳定期)，record high历史高度，record low历史低点，trough (曲线上的)最小值，zenith(最高值), general trend，upward/downward tend
增加：an increase，a rise，a growth， an improvement， an upturn， a surge， an upsurge， an upward trend
下降：a fall， a decrease， a decline， a drop， a downturn， a downturn trend，low point，reduction
波动：fluctuation
介词
一. remain steady/ stay stable/ level off/ bottom out/ peak/reach its peak/ reach its zenith后面需要使用的是at.
举例: 1.人口在500万上保持平稳: The number of population remained steady at 5 million.
2. 人口在800万时到达了顶峰: The number of population peaked at 8 million.
3. 下降后，人口在400万保持平稳:After decreasing, the number of population bottomed out at 4 million.
4. 上升后，人口在700万保持平稳: After mounting, the number of population leveled off at 7 million.
二. 上升/下降后面使用to(到)和by(了)
举例:
1. 人口下降到200万: number of population decreased to 2 million.
2. 人口下降了200万: number of population decreased by 2 million.
3. 人口上升到1000万: number of population increased to 10 million.
4. 人口上升了500万: number of population increased by 5 million.
三. recover的后面大家需要使用的是from
举例: 人口在200万时开始复苏: The number of population recovered from 2 million.
四. fluctuate的后面大家需要连接between …and…
举例: 人口在20和100亿之间波动: The number of population fluctuated between 2 and 10 billion.
4.5.3.4曲线图常用表达
开头概述常用表达
1) The line chart depicts the changes in the number of _____ over the period from 2000 to 2004.
该曲线图描述了从2000年到2004年_____数量的变化。
2) The chart provides some data regarding the fluctuations of _____ from 2000 to 2004.
该曲线图描述了从2000年到2004年_____的变动。
3) The graph，presented in the curve diagram，shows the general trend in _____.
该图以曲线图的形式描述了_____总的趋势。
4) This is a line chart showing _____.
这是一个曲线图，描述了_____。
5) As can be seen from the graph，the two curves show the fluctuations of _____.
如图所示，两条曲线描述了_____波动的情况。
描述曲线常用表达
1)The _____ in the graph is measured in units，each of which is equivalent to _____.
图表中的_____以_____为单位，每单位等于_____。
2) The horizontal axis stands for _____.
横轴代表了_____。
3) The vertical axis stands for _____.
纵轴代表了_____。
4)There was a rapid (/dramatic/drastic/sharp/great/remarkable/slight/little/slow) increase (/rise/decrease/drop/fall/decline) of A over the period from _____ to _____.
从_____到_____期间A有快速 / 剧烈/急速/很大/明显/很小/几乎没有/缓慢地增长/下降。
5) The curve appeared to level off in 1988.
曲线似乎在1988年稳定下来。
6) The situation reached a peak (/high point) at _____ in 2000.
这种情况在2000年到达一个顶点，为_____。
7) The situation fell down to (/reached) the bottom in 2000.
这种情况在2000年降到低谷。
8) The figures hit a trough in 2000.
这些数字2000年降到最低点。
4.5.3.5曲线图模板
The line chart compares the rate of A and B . It can be clearly seen that _____.
A _____. In contrast，B _____.
In conclusion, we can see from the chart that _____.
4.5.4 柱图
4.5.4.1 解题关键
F 1柱状图是动态图表，切入点是描述趋势。
F 2柱状图写作注重“比较”(找出similarity)和“对比”(找出difference)，也就是说需要横向总结所有柱状图表的共性特征，也要分别描写各个柱子的个性特征。
F 3有两种写作方式：其一是对不同时间段内的数据进行比较，适合于数据代表的物体较少且时间界限明确的情况。另外是对单独数据的全程描述，适合于描述数据对象很多且时间划定不清晰的情况。
4.5.4.2柱图举例
Topic 4-8：The graph shows the increasing use of consumer goods (TVs，washing machines, etc.) in the UK.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. .(图贴不上，大家下载附件吧~ )
范文：
The bar chart indicates the percentage of household consumer durables sold in the UK from 1972 to 1983. The goods can be divided into three groups. (首先介绍了图表的内容，然后点明从图表中总结出的大致倾向，为下文展开做好铺垫。)
Firstly，a number of appliances were in a high percentage of homes for the entire period.These included TVs，vacuum cleaners and washing machines. TV ownership was the highest，growing from 93% to 98% over the eleven-year period, while washing machine ownership，the lowest of this group，increased from 66% to 80%.(开头句为中心句。第二句用these来作承接，下面用最突出的数据来做例子，即highest和lowest。)
The second group included the central heating and telephones which showed the most dramatic rise with increases of 27% for central heating and 35% for telephones.At the beginning of the period, these appliances had been bought by 37% and 42% of homes respectively. The final group was appliances that were only introduced into the market during the period shown. Video recorder was quickly accepted into households, achieving 18% ownership by 1983.The dishwasher had less impact, with its ownership slowly rising from 3% to 5% between 1978 and 1983.(第二类、第三类电器现在的情况与以前相比较。比较是写文章时常用的修辞手段。video recorder和the dishwasher之间进行比较，用less连接两个句子。)
In all，it can be seen from the graph that British households enjoyed all ever-increasing ownership of consumer durables from 1972 to 1983.(
4.5.5 流程图
4.5.5.1 解题关键
流程图flow charts是一个难点。流程图的题目基本不会重复;流程图的词汇随着图表不同而变化，很少出现重复的词汇。幸运的是，流程图考题次数并不多，一年大概三到五次，主要集中在年初年末三个月。
流程图特点：
2 1流程图基本不会出现数据，文字信息占主要地位;
2 2流程图以描述为主，比较的机会比图表题少;
2 3流程图中出现的信息都需要描述，而普通图表则不需要描述每一个数据;
2 4流程图的时态多比较单一，主要用一般现在时;
2 5流程图的分段比较灵活，只要不同阶段之间的差距很明显，就可以另起一段。
描述流程五大步
F 1首先说明该过程是做什么工作的，目的是什么。
F 2准备工作。
F 3按时间/过程先后描述。
F 4结果。
F 5简单总结(可有可无)。
描述一个实物/器具的工作过程
F 1实物是什么，做什么用的。
F 2基本结构。
F 3工作过程。
F 4简单总结。
扩充内容的关键：阶段间进行比较
很多烤鸭们在流程图写作中经常遇到字数不够的问题，这是由于描述过程太平铺直叙。此时要注意各个阶段的比较。
例4-33：In two weeks，the fry will grow up to two inches long.
解析：原句过于简单，可以增加鱼苗和前一阶段的比较。
改正：In two weeks, the fry will grow up to two inches long, more than twice longer than it was when hatched.
大意：在两周的时间内，鱼苗长到了两英寸，比刚孵化的时候长两倍还要多。
例4-34：In the second step，workers will rinse bottle glass of any colour.
解析：原句过于简单，可以增加一点说明，譬如说关于第二阶段产生的变化和结果。
改正：In the second step，workers will rinse bottle glass of any colour.While the glass in the first phase is possibly life-threatening and contaminated，the glass is now hygeian and ready for the next stage of the recycling process.
大意：在第二步，工作人员会清洗各种颜色的玻璃。第一阶段的玻璃可能是危害健康并被污染的，而这一阶段的玻璃是卫生的，可以为循环过程的下一步做准备。
例4-35：In the second phase of urban sprawl，land developers start to build a residential area.
解析：原句过于简单，可以增加一点说明，譬如说关于第二阶段的功能和目的。
改正： In the second phase of urban sprawl，land developers start to build a residential area.It is to serve the needs of those people working in those office blocks and factories built in the first phase.
大意：在城市扩张的第二阶段，土地开发商开始建造居民区。这是为了满足在第一阶段所建办公楼和工厂里工作的人们的需要。
4.5.5.2流程图举例
Topic 4-9：The diagram below shows the life cycle of the butterfly.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.
范文：
The life cycle of a butterfly starts from egg laying.The female butterfly normally lays eggs on a plant that it thinks is suitable for accommodating and feeding caterpillars.In each egg，an embryo develops gradually.In general，this period takes two to three weeks.The fully-grown embryo，called “the caterpillar”，will emerge from the egg.
The next stage is skin-shedding.Caterpillars will shed their skin several times throughout this stage.They feed on the food plants where they live.This stage lasts for two months at most，until caterpillars are ready for the pupal stage.
The pupal stage is possibly one of the greatest wonders in the natural world.At this stage，the caterpillar wraps itself in a pupa，a creature it creates within two hours.Inside the pupa，a process known as metamorphosis takes place.In two weeks，the pupa is transformed into an adult butterfly.
At the final stage，the adult butterfly will break the pupal case，expand its wings and take the flight for the first time.It marks the end of metamorphosis.Flying around for new food plants，adult butterflies are ready to mate for a new cycle.
