★Sun's fickle heart may leave us cold

　　25 January 2007

　　From New Scientist Print Edition.

　　Stuart Clark

　　1.There's a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall on timescales of around 100,000 years - exactly the same period as between ice ages on Earth.So says a physicist who has created a computer model of our star's core.

　　2.Robert Ehrlich of George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, modelled the effect of temperature fluctuations in the sun's interior.According to the standard view, the temperature of the sun's core is held constant by the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusion.However, Ehrlich believed that slight variations should be possible.

　　3.He took as his starting point the work of Attila Grandpierre of the Konkoly Observatory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.In 2005, Grandpierre and a collaborator, Gábor ágoston, calculated that magnetic fields in the sun's core could produce small instabilities in the solar plasma.These instabilities would induce localised oscillations in temperature.

　　4.Ehrlich's model shows that whilst most of these oscillations cancel each other out, some reinforce one another and become long-lived temperature variations.The favoured frequencies allow the sun's core temperature to oscillate around its average temperature of 13.6 million kelvin in cycles lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years.Ehrlich says that random interactions within the sun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other.

　　5.These two timescales are instantly recognisable to anyone familiar with Earth's ice ages: for the past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly every 100,000 years.Before that, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years.

　　6.Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the result of subtle changes in Earth's orbit, known as the Milankovitch cycles.One such cycle describes the way Earth's orbit gradually changes shape from a circle to a slight ellipse and back again roughly every 100,000 years.The theory says this alters the amount of solar radiation that Earth receives, triggering the ice ages.However, a persistent problem with this theory has been its inability to explain why the ice ages changed frequency a million years ago.

　　7."In Milankovitch, there is certainly no good idea why the frequency should change from one to another," says Neil Edwards, a climatologist at the Open University in Milton Keynes, UK.Nor is the transition problem the only one the Milankovitch theory faces.Ehrlich and other critics claim that the temperature variations caused by Milankovitch cycles are simply not big enough to drive ice ages.

　　8.However, Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating produced by Milankovitch cycles are then amplified by feedback mechanisms on Earth.For example, if sea ice begins to form because of a slight cooling, carbon dioxide that would otherwise have found its way into the atmosphere as part of the carbon cycle is locked into the ice.That weakens the greenhouse effect and Earth grows even colder.

　　9.According to Edwards, there is no lack of such mechanisms."If you add their effects together, there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch work," he says."The problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work." This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on the current theory."Milankovitch cycles give us ice ages roughly when we observe them to happen.We can calculate where we are in the cycle and compare it with observation," he says."I can't see any way of testing [Ehrlich's] idea to see where we are in the temperature oscillation."

　　10.Ehrlich concedes this."If there is a way to test this theory on the sun, I can't think of one that is practical," he says.That's because variation over 41,000 to 100,000 years is too gradual to be observed.However, there may be a way to test it in other stars: red dwarfs.Their cores are much smaller than that of the sun, and so Ehrlich believes that the oscillation periods could be short enough to be observed.He has yet to calculate the precise period or the extent of variation in brightness to be expected.

　　11.Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge, is far from convinced.He describes Ehrlich's claims as "utterly implausible".Ehrlich counters that Weiss's opinion is based on the standard solar model, which fails to take into account the magnetic instabilities that cause the temperature fluctuations.

　　(716 words)

　　Questions 1-4

　　Complete each of the following statements with One or Two names of the scientists from the box below.

　　Write the appropriate letters A-E in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.

　　A.Attila Grandpierre

　　B.Gábor ágoston

　　C.Neil Edwards

　　D.Nigel Weiss

　　E.Robert Ehrlich

　　1....claims there a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall in periods as long as those between ice ages on Earth.

　　2....calculated that the internal solar magnetic fields could produce instabilities in the solar plasma.

　　3....holds that Milankovitch cycles can induce changes in solar heating on Earth and the changes are amplified on Earth.

　　4....doesn't believe in Ehrlich's viewpoints at all.

　　Questions 5-9

　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?

　　In boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet write

　　TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage

　　FALSE if the statement is false according to the passage

　　NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

　　5.The ice ages changed frequency from 100,000 to 41,000 years a million years ago.

　　6.The sole problem that the Milankovitch theory can not solve is to explain why the ice age frequency should shift from one to another.

　　7.Carbon dioxide can be locked artificially into sea ice to eliminate the greenhouse effect.

　　8.Some scientists are not ready to give up the Milankovitch theory though they haven't figured out which mechanisms amplify the changes in solar heating.

　　9.Both Edwards and Ehrlich believe that there is no practical way to test when the solar temperature oscillation begins and when ends.

　　Questions 10-14

　　Complete the notes below.

　　Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.

　　Write your answers in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet.

　　The standard view assumes that the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusions hold the temperature …10…in the sun's interior, but the slight changes in the earth's …11…alter the temperature on the earth and cause ice ages every 100,000 years.A British scientist, however, challenges this view by claiming that the internal solar magnetic …12…can induce the temperature oscillations in the sun's interior.The sun's core temperature oscillates around its average temperature in …13…lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years.And the …14…interactions within the sun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other, which explains why the ice ages changed frequency a million years ago.

　　Answer keys and explanations:

　　1.E

　　See the sentences in paragraph 1(There's a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall on timescales of around 100,000 years - exactly the same period as between ice ages on Earth.So says a physicist who has created a computer model of our star's core.) and para.2 (Robert Ehrlich of George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, modelled the effect of temperature fluctuations in the sun's interior.)

　　2.A B

　　See para.3：?i style='mso-bidi-font-style：normal'>Grandpierre and a collaborator, Gábor ágoston, calculated that magnetic fields in the sun's core could produce small instabilities in the solar plasma.

　　3.C

　　See para.8：Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating produced by Milankovitch cycles are then amplified by feedback mechanisms on Earth.

　　4.D

　　See para.11：Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge, is far from convinced.He describes Ehrlich's claims as "utterly implausible".

　　5.False

　　See para.5：for the past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly every 100,000 years.Before that, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years.

　　6.False

　　See para.7："In Milankovitch, there is certainly no good idea why the frequency should change from one to another," ...Nor is the transition problem the only one the Milankovitch theory faces.

　　7.Not Given

　　See para.8：if sea ice begins to form because of a slight cooling, carbon dioxide?is locked into the ice.That weakens the greenhouse effect.(The passage doesn抰 mention anything about locking Co2 into ice artificially.)

　　8.True

　　See para.9：there is no lack of such mechanisms."If you add their effects together, there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch work,"?"The problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work." This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on the current theory.

　　9.True

　　See the sentences in para.9 (According to Edwards, 卙e says."I can't see any way of testing [Ehrlich's] idea to see where we are in the temperature oscillation.") and para.10 (Ehrlich concedes this."If there is a way to test this theory on the sun, I can't think of one that is practical).

　　10.constant

　　See para.2：According to the standard view, the temperature of the sun's core is held constant by the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusion.

　　11.orbit

　　See para.6：Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the result of subtle changes in Earth's orbit, 匛arth's orbit gradually changes shape from a circle to a slight ellipse and back again roughly every 100,000 years.

　　12.instabilities

　　See para.3：?i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>magnetic fields in the sun's core could produce small instabilities in the solar plasma.These instabilities would induce localised oscillations in temperature.

　　13.cycles

　　See para.4：…allow the sun's core temperature to oscillate around its average temperature of 13.6 million kelvin in cycles lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years.

　　14.random

　　See para.4：Ehrlich says that random interactions within the sun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other.

　　Questions 1-4

　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Please write

　　TRUE if the statement agrees with the writer

　　FALSE if the statement does not agree with the writer

　　NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage

　　1. The result of the study at UCL agrees with Turin’s theory.

　　2. The study at UCL could conclusively prove what Luca Turin has hypothesized.

　　3. Turin left his post at UCL and started his own business because his theory was ignored.

　　4. The molecules of alcohols and those of thiols look alike.

　　Questions 5-9

　　Complete the sentences below with words from the passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

　　5. The hypothesis that we smell by sensing the molecular vibration was made by ______.

　　6. Turin’s company is based in ______.

　　7. Most scientists believed that our nose works in the same way as our ______.

　　8. Different isotopes can smell different when ______ weigh differently.

　　9. According to Audrew Horsfield， it is still to be proved that ______ could really occur in human nose.

　　Question 10-12

　　Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

　　10. What’s the name of the researcher who collaborated with Stoneham?

　　11. What is the next step of the UCL team’s study?

　　12. What is the theoretical basis in designing odorants in Turin’s company?

　　Answer Keys and Explanations

　　1. T 见第一段。“give sth the thumbs up”为“接受“的意思。

　　2. F 见第三段。 “That’s still some way from proving that the theory， proposed in the mid- 1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin， is correct.”意即“现在尚无法证实生物物理学家Luca在九十年代中期提出的理论是否正确。”

　　3. NG

　　4. T 见第六段 “Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different — such as alcohols， which smell like spirits， and thiols， which smell like rotten eggs.”“identical” 一词是“完全相同”的意思。这句话是说alcohols和thiols的分子结构看起来一样，但是它们的味道却相去甚远。

　　5. Luca Turin 文章第二，三和七段均可看出Luca的理论即人类的鼻子是通过感觉气味分子的震动来分辨气味的。

　　6. Virginia 见第四段。

　　7. tongue 见第五段 “This molecular ’lock and key’ process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the body’s detection systems： it is how some parts of the immune system recognise invaders， for example， and how the tongue recognizes some tastes.”

　　8. the atoms 见第八段 “This would explain why isotopes can smell different： their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier.”

　　9. vibration-assisted electron tunneling 见第九段 ““The question is whether this is possible in the nose，” says Stoneham’s colleague， Andrew Horsfield.” 句中的代词“this”指句首的“vibration-assisted electron tunneling”。

　　10. Andrew Horsfield 见第九段结尾。

　　11.proper experimental verification 见第十三段。

　　12.their computed vibrations 见第十四段